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1.
Salud pública Méx ; 62(4): 379-387, jul.-ago. 2020. tab, graf
Artigo em Inglês | LILACS | ID: biblio-1377329

RESUMO

Abstract: Objective: To determine the species distribution, abundance, and diversity of culicids in the Yucatan Peninsula (YP); their potential distribution, using ecological niche modeling (ENM), and the risk of contact with urban and rural populations. Materials and methods: A cross-sectional study was carried out through the YP. The diversity of species was determined with the Shannon index. The potential distribution of the culicids was determined through the ENM, as well as the risk of urban and rural populations through contact with vectors. Results: A total of 10 699 specimens, 15 genera and 52 species were registered. Campeche and the Biosphere Reserve of Calakmul exhibited the highest diversity. Conclusions: The ENM predict a high suitability in all the YP of Ae. aegypti, An. albimanus, An. pseudopuntipennis, Cx. coronator, and Cx. quinquefasciatus. The vector species that exhibited the highest risk of contact in the YP were Cx. quinquefasciatus, Ae. aegypti and Ae. albopictus.


Resumen: Objetivo: Determinar la distribución, abundancia y di versidad de los culícidos de la Península de Yucatán (PY), su distribución potencial utilizando modelos de nicho ecológico (MNE) y el riesgo de contacto con poblaciones urbanas y rurales. Material y métodos: Se realizó un estudio transversal. La diversidad fue determinada por el índice de Shannon. La distribución potencial de los culícidos se deter minó a través de MNE, así como el riesgo de las poblaciones urbanas y rurales al contacto con los vectores. Resultados: En total, se registraron 10 699 especímenes, 15 géneros y 52 especies. Campeche y la Reserva de la Biosfera de Calakmul presentaron la mayor diversidad. Conclusiones: El MNE predice una alta idoneidad en toda la PY para Ae. aegypti, An. albimanus, An. pseudopuntipennis, Cx. coronador y Cx. quinque fasciatus. Las especies de vectores que presentaron el mayor riesgo de contacto en la PY fueron Cx. quinquefasciatus, Ae. aegypti y Ae. albopictus.


Assuntos
Animais , Biodiversidade , Mosquitos Vetores , Culicidae , Estudos Transversais , Densidade Demográfica , Aedes , Culex , Insetos Vetores , Anopheles , México
2.
Salud pública Méx ; 62(4): 388-401, jul.-ago. 2020. tab, graf
Artigo em Inglês | LILACS | ID: biblio-1377330

RESUMO

Abstract: Objective: To determine the abundance and geographic distribution of the main malaria vectors, which are influenced by habitat characteristics and ecological factors that directly impact adult density and the dynamics of malaria transmission in Mexico. Materials and methods: Samples of larvae were collected from 19 states in Mexico. Each larval habitat was characterized in situ determining the following parameters: water depth, turbidity, percentage of vegetation cover, amount of detritus, presence of algae, light intensity, type of vegetation, amount of predators, habitat stability, altitude, and hydrologic type. Results: A total of 21 687 larvae corresponding to 13 anopheline species were obtained from 149 aquatic habitats. The most abundant species were Anopheles pseudopunctipennis (52.91%), An. albimanus (39.14%) and An. franciscanus (5.29%). The multiple logistic regression analysis showed a negative association between An. pseudopunctipennis and water turbidity (ß=-1.342; Wald=6.122; p=0.013) and the amount of detritus (ß=-2.206; Wald=3.642; p=0.050). While in An. albimanus, there was a significant positive association with water turbidity (ß=1.344; Wald=4.256; p=0.039), a negative correlation was found with the altitude (ß=-3.445; Wald=5.407; p=0.020). The highest mosquito species diversity index was found in Chiapas (Fisher's α=1.20) and the lowest diversity in Chihuahua (Fisher's α=0.26). The greatest richness was found in streams (n=11). Conclusions: The two most abundant species were: An. albimanus and An. pseudopunctipennis. Detailed knowledge of the distribution and characteristics of their larval habitats will be useful for the effective implementation of control strategies in Mexico.


Resumen Objetivo: Determinar la abundancia y la distribución geográfica de los principales vectores de la malaria, las cuales están influenciadas por las características del hábitat y los factores ecológicos que afectan directamente la densidad de los adultos y la dinámica de la transmisión de la malaria en México. Material y métodos: Se obtuvieron muestras de larvas de 19 estados de México. Cada hábitat larvario se caracterizó in situ determinando los siguientes parámetros: profundidad del agua, turbidez, porcentaje de cobertura vegetal, cantidad de detritus, presencia de algas, intensidad de luz, tipo de vegetación, cantidad de depredadores, estabilidad del hábitat, altitud y tipo hidrológico. Resultados: Se identificaron un total de 21 687 larvas pertenecientes a 13 especies de anofelinos, de 149 hábitats acuáticos. Las tres especies más abundantes fueron Anopheles pseudopunctipennis (52.91%), An. albimanus (39.14%) y An. franciscanus (5.29%). El análisis de regresión logística múltiple mostró una asociación negativa para An. pseudopunctipennis y la turbidez del agua (ß=-1.342; Wald= 6.122; p=0.013) y la cantidad de detritus (ß=-2.206; Wald= 3.642; p=0.050). Para An. albimanus se encontró una asociación positiva significativa con la turbidez del agua (ß=1.344; Wald= 4.256; p=0.039) y una correlación negativa con la altitud (ß=-3.445; Wald=5.407; p=0.020). El índice de diversidad más alto se encontró en Chiapas (α de Fisher=1.20) y la diversidad más baja en Chihuahua (α de Fisher=0.26). La mayor riqueza se encontró en los arroyos (n=11). Conclusiones: Las dos especies más abundantes fueron An. albimanus y An. pseudopunctipennis. El conocimiento detallado de la distribución y características de sus hábitats larvales será útil para la implementación efectiva de las estrategias de control en México.


Assuntos
Animais , Ecossistema , Mosquitos Vetores , Anopheles , Especificidade da Espécie , Água/parasitologia , Análise de Regressão , Densidade Demográfica , Larva , Malária/transmissão , México
3.
Rev. biol. trop ; 64(3): 1237-1245, jul.-sep. 2016. tab, ilus
Artigo em Espanhol | LILACS | ID: biblio-958209

RESUMO

ResumenLa leishmaniasis es un complejo sistema de enfermedades causadas por parásitos protozoarios Leishmania y transmitidos a humanos por el vector Lutzomyia spp, esta es considerada una enfermedad desatendida de acuerdo a la Organización Mundial de la salud. El objetivo de este estudio fue determinar el nicho ecológico actual y futuro de la leishmaniasis cutánea (LC) y leishmaniasis visceral (LV) en la región Neotropical. Nosotros construimos modelos de nicho ecológico (MNE) de LC (N= 2 910 ocurrencias) y LV (N= 851 ocurrencias) usando el algoritmo MaxEnt. Nueve variables bioclimáticas (BIO1, BIO4, BIO5, BIO6, BIO7, BIO12, BIO13, BIO14, BIO15; descargadas de Worldclim), y datos de ocurrencias fueron usados para la construcción de los MNE en tres periodos (actual, 2050 y 2070) y cuatro escenarios de cambio climático (RCP 2.6, 4.5, 6.0 y 8.5). Nosotros analizamos el número de pixeles ocupados, identidad de nicho, nicho modificado (estable, perdido y ganado) y estacionalidad. Nuestros resultados indican la expansión de la LC en comparación con la LV. Rechazamos la hipótesis nula de identidad de nicho entre LC y LV con un índice de Hellinger's = 0.91 (0.92-0.98) y Schoener's = 0.67 (0.85-1.00) pero con un traslape de nicho de 56.3 %. El tipo de leishmaniasis tiene diferentes coberturas de acuerdo al RCP y nicho modificado (ganado/ perdido). La LC tiene estacionalidad a diferencia de la LV. Los MNE de LC y LV proporcionar una visión actual de la región Neotropical, que presenta un mayor incremento de acuerdo con el tiempo, sin embargo, el aumento estacional modificaría la invasión de nuevas áreas en la región.


Abstract:The leishmaniasis is a complex disease system, caused by the protozoan parasite Leishmania and transmitted to humans by the vector Lutzomyia spp. Since it is listed as a neglected disease according to the World Health Organization, the aim of this study was to determine the current and future niche of cutaneous and visceral leishmaniasis in the Neotropical region. We built the ecological niche model (ENM) of cutaneous (N= 2 910 occurrences) and visceral (N= 851 occurrences) leishmaniasis using MaxEnt algorithm. Nine bioclimatic variables (BIO1, BIO4, BIO5, BIO6, BIO7, BIO12, BIO13, BIO14, BIO15 (downloaded from the Worldclim) and disease occurrences data were used for the construction of ENM for three periods (current, 2050 and 2070) and four climate change scenarios (RCP 2.6, 4.5, 6.0 y 8.5). We analyzed the number of pixels occupied, identity niche, modified niche (stable, loss, and gain) and seasonality. Our analyses indicated the expansion for cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL), a comparison for visceral leishmaniasis (VL). We rejected the null hypothesis of niche identity between CL and VL with Hellinger's index = 0.91 (0.92-0.98) and Schoener's Index = 0.67 (0.85-1.00) but with an overlap niche of 56.3 %. The differences between the two leishmaniasis types were detected in relation to RCP scenarios and niche shifts (area gained / loss). Seasonality was more important for CL. We provided a current picture of CL and VL distributions and the predicted distributional changes associated to different climate change scenarios for the Neotropical region. We can anticipate that increasing range is likely although it will depend locally on the future trends in weather seasonality. Rev. Biol. Trop. 64 (3): 1237-1245. Epub 2016 September 01.


Assuntos
Humanos , Animais , Clima Tropical , Leishmaniose Cutânea/epidemiologia , Ecossistema , Leishmaniose Visceral/epidemiologia , Psychodidae , Estações do Ano , Temperatura , Mudança Climática , Fatores de Risco , Leishmaniose Cutânea/transmissão , Insetos Vetores , América Latina/epidemiologia , Leishmaniose Visceral/transmissão , Modelos Biológicos
4.
Mem. Inst. Oswaldo Cruz ; 110(3): 339-352, 05/2015. tab, graf
Artigo em Inglês | LILACS | ID: lil-745969

RESUMO

Chagas disease is one of the most important yet neglected parasitic diseases in Mexico and is transmitted by Triatominae. Nineteen of the 31 Mexican triatomine species have been consistently found to invade human houses and all have been found to be naturally infected with Trypanosoma cruzi. The present paper aims to produce a state-of-knowledge atlas of Mexican triatomines and analyse their geographic associations with T. cruzi, human demographics and landscape modification. Ecological niche models (ENMs) were constructed for the 19 species with more than 10 records in North America, as well as for T. cruzi. The 2010 Mexican national census and the 2007 National Forestry Inventory were used to analyse overlap patterns with ENMs. Niche breadth was greatest in species from the semiarid Nearctic Region, whereas species richness was associated with topographic heterogeneity in the Neotropical Region, particularly along the Pacific Coast. Three species, Triatoma longipennis, Triatoma mexicana and Triatoma barberi, overlapped with the greatest numbers of human communities, but these communities had the lowest rural/urban population ratios. Triatomine vectors have urbanised in most regions, demonstrating a high tolerance to human-modified habitats and broadened historical ranges, exposing more than 88% of the Mexican population and leaving few areas in Mexico without the potential for T. cruzi transmission.


Assuntos
Animais , Insetos Vetores/classificação , Triatominae/classificação , Doença de Chagas/transmissão , Ecossistema , Geografia Médica , México , Modelos Biológicos , Densidade Demográfica
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